{"id":"W2394905104","doi":"10.1088/0031-9120/51/4/045009","title":"Helping secondary school students develop a conceptual understanding of refraction","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physics Education","topic":"Science Education and Pedagogy","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":10,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Essar Steel Algoma (Canada)","funders":"","keywords":"Mathematics education; Refraction; Secondary education; Concept learning; Science education; Pedagogy; Psychology; Physics; Optics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001371943,0.00069572,0.0005268501,0.0008897434,0.001461191,0.00439281,0.001091682,0.002145779,0.007215414],"category_scores_gemma":[0.006109341,0.0003689222,0.0005966515,0.0004193422,0.001421544,0.002390314,0.002560067,0.002358363,0.002912489],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001028394,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002117193,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001266239,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002492424,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999231,0.0002222191,0.00004890442,0.0001337557,0.0002335043,0.0001306639],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9969637,0.001328456,0.0003359868,0.0002676563,0.0006351543,0.0004690826],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002802178,0.007714526,0.06005516,0.001696602,0.00005464864,0.003609631,0.2052021,0.006295566,0.07576168,0.04558687,0.04864466,0.5450984],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002295897,0.003181828,0.05390666,0.001966814,0.0001613972,0.005864576,0.1295312,0.01895726,0.06173759,0.0738034,0.650374,0.0002857592],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8713291,0.0006118903,0.04005972,0.002735224,0.0001550485,0.0004523558,0.00009495014,0.0008869349,0.08367476],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8977436,0.001258244,0.06708065,0.0006539762,0.00002645515,0.0002114533,0.0002105441,0.00008536813,0.03272963],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.007215414,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.02413797,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1543998023509919,"score_gpt":0.4391392929858164,"score_spread":0.2847394906348245,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}