{"id":"W2402029394","doi":"10.12927/hcpol.2016.24626","title":"Some Numbers behind Canada’s Decision to Adopt an Orphan Drug Policy: US Orphan Drug Approvals in Canada, 1997–2012","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Healthcare policy","topic":"Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Dalhousie University","funders":"Dalhousie University; Canada Research Chairs; Genome Canada","keywords":"Orphan drug; Medicine; Access to medicines; Drug; Drug approval; Family medicine; Pharmacology; Bioinformatics; Public health; Biology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008577773,0.0005139029,0.0009977808,0.0009778384,0.0002437055,0.00009192261,0.0008939902,0.0001609114,0.0002896747],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003959717,0.000521906,0.000122582,0.0006341483,0.00006773203,0.0006340229,0.0002474049,0.0003867932,0.0003600667],"about_ca_system_candidate":true,"about_ca_system_consensus":true,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.009934399,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.01442921,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.9998031,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.9998863,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9951285,0.0001082581,0.001599901,0.001067638,0.0001761593,0.001919594],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9959862,0.0002643899,0.000461253,0.0009908533,0.00007097248,0.002226326],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002848528,0.0002494049,0.1967788,0.0002407725,0.0001048775,0.00008439992,0.003111254,0.0002699364,0.00003599163,0.523371,0.1979752,0.07749359],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00185225,0.00006373582,0.0986357,0.0001175931,0.000005164254,0.00002096282,0.0001559295,0.0003431092,0.0002030072,0.04178613,0.8556765,0.00113987],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7938235,0.001309199,0.00002029154,0.1962236,0.0009844064,0.0006936523,0.004638608,0.00003934973,0.002267393],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9367478,0.0008166904,0.0002076378,0.05849701,0.002011007,0.00008078934,0.00004467638,0.0001086029,0.001485797],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6577014,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9997233,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03465915678921029,"score_gpt":0.2997397643554006,"score_spread":0.2650806075661903,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}