{"id":"W2408556055","doi":"10.1017/s0008423916000512","title":"Wards, At-Large Systems and the Focus of Representation in Canadian Cities","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Canadian Journal of Political Science","topic":"Electoral Systems and Political Participation","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":38,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Queen's University; University of Manitoba","funders":"","keywords":"Representation (politics); Democracy; Proposition; Focus (optics); Electoral system; Political science; Focus group; Public administration; Public relations; Sociology; Regional science; Geography; Politics; Epistemology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00365512,0.0002280168,0.0003851569,0.004517815,0.01141607,0.004206294,0.001562637,0.0005645819,0.0056394],"category_scores_gemma":[0.01071885,0.0002730986,0.0002021977,0.009046449,0.007584535,0.001020203,0.005308142,0.0008865631,0.0001428267],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0510138,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.03398971,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.9651805,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.9853953,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9939208,0.001406098,0.0001794683,0.0004366262,0.001620595,0.002436379],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9895611,0.001928297,0.001919763,0.0004169035,0.002833021,0.003340882],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002246299,0.0001051995,0.5325958,0.0002118129,0.0000664559,0.0003387072,0.3726103,0.000600962,0.001495671,0.0462053,0.008091873,0.03745336],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0000138167,0.00002411231,0.7420377,0.00009819269,0.00001462519,0.00005483989,0.2363913,0.0004153751,0.0001916504,0.001732356,0.01897736,0.00004867316],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9796512,0.000212506,0.0002231646,0.001169611,0.00001023707,0.00003053525,0.0002460145,0.000006041682,0.01845061],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9990563,0.0000566017,0.00006854066,0.00003315529,0.000001885703,0.000006949229,0.00004674869,0.000002500444,0.0007273068],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.0510138,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3701327,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.0370236924350517,"score_gpt":0.3384283025728294,"score_spread":0.3014046101377776,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}