{"id":"W2415432620","doi":"10.1177/0031512516636528","title":"A Multidimensional Scaling Study of Native and Non-Native Listeners' Perception of Second Language Speech","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Perceptual and Motor Skills","topic":"Phonetics and Phonology Research","field":"Psychology","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Concordia University; University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Pronunciation; Fluency; Psychology; Perception; First language; Second language; Multidimensional scaling; Speech perception; Linguistics; Notice; Pairwise comparison; Computer science; Mathematics education","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001462852,0.0002236451,0.000197881,0.0005971677,0.0004140532,0.0005897128,0.0001083433,0.0002103754,0.001470389],"category_scores_gemma":[0.005054459,0.0001400265,0.0002647038,0.0002987552,0.0006575005,0.0005186388,0.0005894349,0.0003079943,0.0002094553],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001449217,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001235703,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0009298358,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001322363,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9995347,0.0001445288,0.00004004413,0.0001089297,0.0001370639,0.00003480329],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9965813,0.002151321,0.0002714647,0.0002640756,0.0004579654,0.0002739353],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001670013,0.0006396313,0.3104918,0.0002215791,0.0001752332,0.0007225953,0.1446907,0.0004693091,0.4692566,0.001036307,0.0005166209,0.07010957],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00003711407,0.001385824,0.9681218,0.000008881886,0.00002289591,0.00056228,0.02020192,0.001293648,0.006806885,0.0004945448,0.001018895,0.0000453348],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9987638,0.00001996385,0.0006635635,0.000006800931,0.000003463523,0.000009930512,0.00001657367,0.00000346654,0.0005126177],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9991816,0.00001980279,0.0005813615,0.000005927475,0.000004635018,0.0000169621,0.00004604006,0.000003088474,0.0001406801],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.001470389,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.007736385,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01784540612980659,"score_gpt":0.3296209799561445,"score_spread":0.3117755738263379,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}