{"id":"W2465149255","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2417532","title":"Does Compulsory Licensing Discourage Invention? Evidence from German Patents after the US Trading-with-the-Enemy Act","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"SSRN Electronic Journal","topic":"Intellectual Property and Patents","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Kellogg's (Canada)","funders":"","keywords":"German; Business; Adversary; International trade; Law and economics; Economics; Computer security; Computer science; History","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001581247,0.0002504777,0.0001993074,0.00009278349,0.0009324783,0.0007293352,0.0005995025,0.00006093761,0.0002722959],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00008727318,0.00009841085,0.0001575191,0.0002266644,0.0001083605,0.001143916,0.0001089063,0.001489213,0.0002397581],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000155119,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001198651,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0008836015,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002932435,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9975666,0.0001222027,0.0002942965,0.000264565,0.0004330421,0.001319316],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991375,0.0001527456,0.0002982769,0.0002713024,0.0001192353,0.00002096725],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.01378783,0.001639762,0.5297172,0.0006328956,0.006073806,0.0002467402,0.01491867,0.00322084,0.01390609,0.04097059,0.01857723,0.3563083],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.005745053,0.0007838245,0.2074908,0.003806283,0.002165347,0.0005672169,0.006564172,0.1547987,0.0007308808,0.5104108,0.103543,0.003393953],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9885373,0.0005987037,0.004064549,0.005206706,0.0005165481,0.0002022182,6.41265e-7,0.0000396765,0.000833627],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9944,0.0002291143,0.0000100505,0.002236015,0.002205646,0.000008887185,0.000005328822,0.00003780848,0.0008671242],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4694402,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7171963,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03577986020794562,"score_gpt":0.224942423059567,"score_spread":0.1891625628516214,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}