{"id":"W2466117576","doi":"10.20853/28-3-372","title":"Students' difficulty with proportional reasoning in a university quantitative literacy course","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"South African Journal of Higher Education","topic":"Statistics Education and Methodologies","field":"Mathematics","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Mathematics education; Proportional reasoning; Higher education; Literacy; Psychology; Quarter (Canadian coin); Test (biology); Phenomenography; Numeracy; Scientific literacy; Pedagogy; Science education; Political science","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000519733,0.00009539877,0.0001839305,0.0001826753,0.00004655178,0.00002558301,0.0001702145,0.00003045335,0.0001577473],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0005928315,0.00005818489,0.00003800936,0.0002505941,0.00008993402,0.0001865559,0.00001482712,0.0001137221,0.000005968242],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001910757,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0007218593,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000005434357,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000003316767,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989142,0.0002472447,0.0002848599,0.0001165772,0.0003078236,0.0001292515],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9979925,0.0006219904,0.0006249838,0.0001109209,0.0005584399,0.00009116012],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0009187254,0.002179178,0.6964962,0.00006223848,0.0001791213,0.00003500567,0.0431883,0.000007645917,0.0002913151,0.2414864,0.01090659,0.004249254],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001354827,0.0002999107,0.9358102,0.0005285951,0.0001190658,0.00004214208,0.02879639,0.00000107641,0.00005774319,0.02766973,0.005128022,0.0001922954],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9840579,0.00008645268,0.01345897,0.001190111,0.0006264655,0.0001350736,0.00001745789,0.00001252491,0.0004150397],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8799426,0.000006273975,0.1143865,0.00002301747,0.00008648299,0.000002168249,0.000001799572,0.000009111539,0.005542038],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.239314,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2372711,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.06925296238431984,"score_gpt":0.4113533122713138,"score_spread":0.3421003498869939,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}