{"id":"W2471026268","doi":"10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b01561","title":"Thermodynamics of Surface Nanobubbles","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Langmuir","topic":"Minerals Flotation and Separation Techniques","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":47,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"Alberta Innovates - Technology Futures; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Government of Canada","keywords":"Supersaturation; Contact angle; Surface energy; Curvature; Thermodynamics; Surface (topology); Thermodynamic equilibrium; RADIUS; Chemistry; Chemical physics; Physics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00005438658,0.00003358339,0.00004542,0.000005874646,0.00001557218,0.00000212069,0.00006733196,0.00002016193,0.002562626],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000006329009,0.00001982283,0.00001673907,0.00004745691,0.00004759847,0.00005754558,0.00002214307,0.000009178986,0.0002186317],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001435475,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00000135821,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000508093,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000421869,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9997094,0.00001510829,0.00007465209,0.00006482826,0.00008169942,0.00005428596],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9998569,0.00001593948,0.00003204681,0.00007684856,0.000003701085,0.00001457171],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000004164917,0.0000169512,0.01397075,0.00000183047,0.000001767137,3.65283e-7,0.000184039,0.00001397738,0.9653847,0.004397486,0.008682534,0.007341469],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000467845,0.00008239907,0.1876204,0.0000204735,0.000005945296,0.000003211872,0.00005892669,0.001228214,0.6951979,0.007186051,0.1078647,0.0002639777],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9350852,0.000006464455,0.003230344,0.0004026467,0.00001475836,0.00004235036,0.000006034137,0.000048719,0.06116343],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9923204,0.00001010179,0.001385167,0.00008508903,0.000004781929,0.000001687865,0.000001344978,0.000003786614,0.006187596],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2701868,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9983492,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.009157274209385932,"score_gpt":0.2340129393289813,"score_spread":0.2248556651195954,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}