{"id":"W2471687372","doi":"10.1017/cbo9780511510847.005","title":"Research and Development and Innovation","year":2003,"lang":"en","type":"book-chapter","venue":"Cambridge University Press eBooks","topic":"Intellectual Capital and Performance Analysis","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Université de Sherbrooke; Statistics Canada","funders":"","keywords":"IBM; Scientific revolution; Scientific discovery; Knowledge flow; Sociology of scientific knowledge; Political science; Engineering ethics; Engineering; Business; Knowledge management; Sociology; Social science; Epistemology; Computer science; Nanotechnology; Philosophy","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00707018,0.001661635,0.001552089,0.003033023,0.003622983,0.02048539,0.001777021,0.006521418,0.0197069],"category_scores_gemma":[0.007803441,0.0005943978,0.0005857922,0.006789356,0.02885757,0.01400861,0.009542182,0.004973382,0.01194063],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.008171813,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.01019636,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002342802,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002984613,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9882954,0.004162944,0.0008168427,0.002094863,0.003799017,0.000830912],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.994471,0.002441651,0.0005266807,0.001286906,0.0007888349,0.0004849858],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000007519749,0.0000152779,0.0001164742,0.0003175222,0.00001097201,0.00005455415,0.001293796,0.000173855,0.0001106657,0.9224853,0.0317812,0.04363288],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000007072898,0.00001648887,0.000189855,0.0006835644,0.000006079526,0.0001431978,0.0004780113,0.00007734958,0.00009446614,0.2936263,0.7046665,0.00001123264],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.001337222,0.131919,0.01374441,0.02930202,0.002896899,0.0002510495,0.0002320699,0.0002373896,0.82008],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.1937376,0.2718194,0.04091474,0.02512641,0.007595711,0.001711352,0.0007470411,0.0004616494,0.4578861],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.02048539,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.06592619,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.06929380603228652,"score_gpt":0.2309454993699303,"score_spread":0.1616516933376438,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}