{"id":"W2493227902","doi":"10.1051/ro/2015054","title":"Strategic investments in R&amp;D and efficiency in the presence of free riders","year":2015,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"RAIRO - Operations Research","topic":"Climate Change Policy and Economics","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Group for Research in Decision Analysis; HEC Montréal","funders":"","keywords":"Spillover effect; Business; Welfare; Industrial organization; Process (computing); Marketing; Microeconomics; Economics; Market economy; Computer science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002540223,0.0006748417,0.00133979,0.001012835,0.0008360103,0.002301131,0.001016327,0.002397578,0.004640225],"category_scores_gemma":[0.009771895,0.0004354151,0.0009083785,0.0007972274,0.002735666,0.00249712,0.002044667,0.001289684,0.0003321945],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001115363,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0008871826,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003849585,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002012434,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986363,0.000513641,0.00005920256,0.0002375266,0.00007710344,0.0004762305],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9875203,0.006868241,0.003224363,0.0006047587,0.0004558619,0.001326488],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001065312,0.000920407,0.04803674,0.0004447361,0.0005766344,0.002598169,0.0008467162,0.4676139,0.008454636,0.443772,0.002633498,0.02303729],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004744076,0.000630988,0.01621443,0.00009359384,0.0003686725,0.0004033214,0.001534004,0.5846207,0.002749924,0.3904836,0.002325775,0.0001007294],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9424816,0.0005861202,0.04021461,0.001942946,0.0000203326,0.00003413266,0.0001160022,0.00002777851,0.01457649],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9973977,0.0001958104,0.001098867,0.00003681643,0.00001415181,0.00001379974,0.00001835246,0.000001662059,0.001222903],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.004640225,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01552308,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.5530373471008291,"score_gpt":0.4081188183778541,"score_spread":0.144918528722975,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}