{"id":"W2500987384","doi":"10.1002/9781119013167.ch4","title":"Energy and the First Law of Thermodynamics","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"other","venue":"","topic":"Global Energy and Sustainability Research","field":"Energy","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Work (physics); Thermodynamics; Internal energy; Heat transfer; Second law of thermodynamics; Mechanics; Gas compressor; Heat exchanger; Energy balance; Nozzle; Energy transformation; Enthalpy; Kinetic energy; Mechanical energy; First law of thermodynamics; Mechanical engineering; Physics; Classical mechanics; Engineering","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001706492,0.001150322,0.001607813,0.001569332,0.002162791,0.003823225,0.001771234,0.003383013,0.01243723],"category_scores_gemma":[0.003261254,0.0005349464,0.0009907372,0.00130774,0.01046556,0.006409276,0.002808047,0.005414182,0.004901811],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.003226885,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002124145,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0028189,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001445537,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9974095,0.0005392864,0.0001333256,0.0004610683,0.001190474,0.0002663921],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989065,0.0006032377,0.0000747468,0.0001549682,0.0002187765,0.00004178904],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000005311911,0.00001055318,0.00006389707,0.0001423568,0.000005351041,0.00004096141,0.0001483598,0.0005960516,0.000157852,0.9774953,0.01034162,0.0109923],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000003892991,0.00001335908,0.0001151956,0.0001820322,0.000004041814,0.00009755394,0.0000556859,0.0005091096,0.0002205032,0.781645,0.2171383,0.0000153336],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"other","genre_scores_codex":[0.006777341,0.177033,0.08980704,0.04167912,0.009204912,0.0001587537,0.001080208,0.0005073366,0.6737522],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.3955033,0.1980992,0.0871185,0.01899067,0.01938827,0.0009134508,0.001363488,0.0008020235,0.277821],"genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":"other","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01243723,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.04160666,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.005326572233564457,"score_gpt":0.2344045463805026,"score_spread":0.2290779741469381,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}