{"id":"W2501288520","doi":"10.1103/physrevlett.117.215101","title":"Relativistic Electrons Produced by Foreshock Disturbances Observed Upstream of Earth’s Bow Shock","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical Review Letters","topic":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":83,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Academy of Finland; Canadian Space Agency; University of Alberta; Heliophysics Division; National Aeronautics and Space Administration","keywords":"Physics; Foreshock; Bow shock (aerodynamics); Electron; Solar wind; Mach number; Shock (circulatory); Atomic physics; Magnetosphere; Shock wave; Computational physics; Astrophysics; Geophysics; Plasma; Nuclear physics; Mechanics","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00007655193,0.0002407304,0.0004870452,0.00000682387,0.00005112181,0.00001183955,0.000233907,0.000009318363,0.0002198944],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002538659,0.0001540753,0.0002661408,0.0001592963,0.000100777,0.0001622166,0.00004383234,0.0001245007,0.00007450295],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000164416,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003288403,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00003088871,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000002504463,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987134,0.00007268392,0.0003149395,0.0003427645,0.0001987016,0.0003574574],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991051,0.0001597947,0.0002147295,0.0003913229,0.00004627714,0.00008275677],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001089088,0.001741849,0.08470494,0.001644697,0.0007616967,0.000003675892,0.0001733873,0.00005208948,0.4330252,0.09515484,0.1818081,0.2008206],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.009486058,0.003115739,0.04445706,0.02253435,0.003545088,0.000005218463,0.0001049331,0.003211247,0.2775069,0.07663916,0.5514995,0.00789473],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9741791,0.005076363,0.008263818,0.008061967,0.0001368816,0.0009480385,0.0001471709,0.00006705865,0.003119584],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9977502,0.0003578175,0.0001145311,0.0006168691,0.0002206406,0.00007952343,0.00004316364,0.00002810986,0.0007891348],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3696913,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6283009,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.009341792713145136,"score_gpt":0.2363052034681674,"score_spread":0.2269634107550222,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}