{"id":"W2516577067","doi":"10.1016/j.diin.2016.04.002","title":"BinGold: Towards robust binary analysis by extracting the semantics of binary code as semantic flow graphs (SFGs)","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Digital Investigation","topic":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":41,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Concordia University","funders":"","keywords":"Computer science; Code refactoring; Control flow graph; Data-flow analysis; Obfuscation; Theoretical computer science; Binary code; Compiler; Static program analysis; Programming language; Binary number; Malware; Semantics (computer science); Data flow diagram; Software; Database; Software development","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003088063,0.0002060027,0.000240544,0.0003420919,0.0001539585,0.0001920619,0.0006399225,0.00009650526,0.00001099081],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0004126677,0.0001392341,0.0001671754,0.002101963,0.0002718418,0.002302472,0.0002799424,0.0001269676,0.00002921126],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00008069247,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00007804343,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00004409445,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000005631949,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9983455,0.00007173862,0.0004472063,0.0004448903,0.0004393093,0.0002513857],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9983989,0.0002203851,0.0004041751,0.0006909742,0.0001805521,0.0001050378],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005122505,0.0003982731,0.0258131,0.0001780619,0.0008598615,0.00006830918,0.002593334,0.01710659,0.6231569,0.01937174,0.01552047,0.2948821],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004929418,0.0005968419,0.008608936,0.0002866241,0.0002537322,0.00006300167,0.000172128,0.2620619,0.6457543,0.07741416,0.003341633,0.000953842],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.3427984,0.0000534015,0.6541989,0.001747244,0.0001208074,0.0001968962,0.00003216093,0.0004452703,0.0004069669],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.978165,0.00002808894,0.02098342,0.0001801697,0.00001870324,0.00002486217,0.00002196635,0.00001918498,0.0005585528],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.6353667,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5677803,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02176898801439601,"score_gpt":0.2510651739241297,"score_spread":0.2292961859097337,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}