{"id":"W2527428517","doi":"10.1007/s10670-016-9844-4","title":"Time Scales and Levels of Organization","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Erkenntnis","topic":"Philosophy and History of Science","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":48,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; McGill University","keywords":"Ontology; Currency; Epistemology; Sociology; Spatial organization; Work (physics); Positive economics; Ecology; Management science; Social science; Economics; Philosophy; Biology; Linguistics","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00005537471,0.00003636427,0.00005727062,0.00003230223,0.0001278301,0.0000128833,0.00006010446,0.00001133647,0.003048231],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002496567,0.00002351577,0.0000092697,0.00001733132,0.0005661725,0.0001853653,0.00001693495,0.0000109924,0.0001598672],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000006914639,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000008229028,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000005859135,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000163811,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9997259,0.000007677279,0.00006856515,0.00007635294,0.00006706305,0.00005444558],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9998022,0.00002448784,0.0000335247,0.00006173155,0.00005493324,0.00002317491],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000009126207,0.00005721447,0.0006227186,0.00002954877,0.00001569882,0.000001655247,0.02265801,1.815987e-7,0.09619838,0.8452217,0.009424306,0.02576145],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001170794,0.000432705,0.03234174,0.0002385886,0.00004301593,0.00001185646,0.0008686199,0.00002920462,0.02259383,0.1036495,0.8379434,0.0006767432],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8380044,0.0001935847,0.00008731503,0.002612314,0.0002625387,0.00006500244,0.00009821021,0.00006472391,0.158612],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9892515,0.000006791544,0.00003583642,0.00006315764,0.0001122646,3.663621e-7,4.575911e-7,0.000003819117,0.01052582],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8285191,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9978631,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02883873180684302,"score_gpt":0.1904773688916658,"score_spread":0.1616386370848228,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}