{"id":"W2528385426","doi":"10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31460-x","title":"Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 315 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE), 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"letter","venue":"The Lancet","topic":"Health disparities and outcomes","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":2230,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Institute of Infection and Immunity; National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities; National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences; National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre; Warwick Medical School; Russian Academy of Sciences; Economic and Social Research Council; Plan Nacional sobre Drogas; University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center; Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation; INCLIVA Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria; Arak University of Medical Sciences; Duke Kunshan University; African Population and Health Research Center; Mansoura University; Universidade do Porto; University of Hail; Nanjing University; University of Gondar; Medical Research Council; Sri Ramachandra University; Uppsala Universitet; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental; James Cook University; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; National Center for Child Health and Development; Bahir Dar University; Rijksuniversiteit Groningen; Wuhan University; Högskolan Dalarna; Göteborgs Universitet; Universidade de São Paulo; Rigshospitalet; Australian National University; Universitair Medisch Centrum Groningen; Universitetet i Bergen; Universidade Federal de Sergipe; Queen Mary University of London; Haramaya University; Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services; University of Oklahoma; National Taiwan University; University of Crete; Addis Ababa University; Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana; Ministry of Health and Medical Education; Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences; Universitetet i Oslo; Universitat de València; Universidad Nacional de Colombia; University of Massachusetts Boston; Seoul National University; Samfundet Folkhälsan; McGill University; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Public Health Agency; Universität Bielefeld; Universiteit Maastricht; Public Health England; Wageningen University and Research; Public Health Foundation of India; University of Oxford; RMIT University; University of Warwick; University of Leicester; Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham Charity; Universitat de Barcelona; Public Health Agency of Canada; Wellcome Trust; Mekelle University; La Trobe University; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Arabian Gulf University; National Research University Higher School of Economics; Universidad de Costa Rica; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; Imperial College London; King's College London; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology; Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh; Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum; Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand; University of Otago; University of Delhi; Brandeis University; University of Peradeniya; Georgetown University; National Institute for Health and Care Research; University of Louisville; Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences; Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri - IRCCS; Brien Holden Vision Institute; University of California, San Francisco; Universitetet i Tromsø; Aarhus Universitet; University of the Philippines; Leibniz-Gemeinschaft; Universität Basel; Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; Università di Bologna; National Institute on Aging; Jackson State University; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute; Anglia Ruskin University; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; Kurdistan University Of Medical Sciences; United States Agency for International Development; Ohio State University; Massachusetts General Hospital; Children's Hospital of Michigan; University of New South Wales; Yale University","keywords":"Life expectancy; Burden of disease; Epidemiological transition; Years of potential life lost; Epidemiology; Disability-adjusted life year; Disease burden; Environmental health; Demography; Per capita; Global health; Population; Medicine; Non-communicable disease; Quality-adjusted life year; Public health; Cost effectiveness","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.006396714,0.0008417098,0.002697009,0.007105621,0.0002993536,0.0008102696,0.0007361269,0.0004334455,0.00153338],"category_scores_gemma":[0.01359022,0.0005496688,0.008097498,0.01002019,0.0005255836,0.0009287015,0.001579236,0.0008085092,0.0002412188],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001704798,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.003915019,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.04138509,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0879164,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9959316,0.001114276,0.00133692,0.0007283062,0.0006829753,0.0002059022],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9950846,0.001295928,0.002031723,0.0002556803,0.001175812,0.0001562373],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"meta_analysis","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0009055519,0.00003920305,0.6949859,0.07198703,0.07492375,0.0001596662,0.000859149,0.003975397,0.0002985797,0.002239066,0.04060289,0.1090237],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005934142,0.0002797575,0.83009,0.03779395,0.0798763,0.0008626009,0.0009108871,0.002968191,0.0004952235,0.00306844,0.042859,0.0002022602],"study_design_candidate":"meta_analysis","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.1322239,0.6575309,0.005495828,0.001995418,0.0004163168,0.0006407705,0.1986293,0.0002214532,0.002846192],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.6821051,0.238635,0.00747731,0.001446956,0.0002696862,0.001770339,0.06761301,0.00006794146,0.0006146788],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.04138509,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.08228838,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.06938739569142499,"score_gpt":0.387692515391406,"score_spread":0.318305119699981,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). 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