{"id":"W253643620","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199742998.013.0015","title":"Empirical Evidence on the Value of Pharmaceuticals","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"book-chapter","venue":"Oxford University Press eBooks","topic":"Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":8,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Kellogg's (Canada)","funders":"","keywords":"Health benefits; Public economics; Value (mathematics); Medical prescription; Cost–benefit analysis; Empirical evidence; Health economics; Economics; Business; Actuarial science; Medicine; Health care; Pharmacology; Economic growth; Political science; Traditional medicine","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.006127473,0.0004163901,0.0008179242,0.005380238,0.0005792096,0.005865491,0.001272011,0.001750673,0.02485365],"category_scores_gemma":[0.06613705,0.0003071103,0.0006429421,0.007027254,0.002912471,0.00334725,0.001363083,0.00227914,0.001775174],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.003258112,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002312652,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.008647734,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.006065738,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9932995,0.002631703,0.0004651572,0.0005253117,0.00262265,0.0004557159],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.7972602,0.1618888,0.02435674,0.002740419,0.01153192,0.002221756],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001414304,0.0005167254,0.2622263,0.009840471,0.002909421,0.001902422,0.0008359139,0.01405335,0.0003428141,0.3940294,0.08217395,0.2297549],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000515626,0.0005066181,0.4671338,0.01993401,0.002309163,0.001517205,0.006020814,0.008400167,0.001728421,0.173857,0.3179196,0.000157582],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.1517079,0.3249194,0.002329658,0.09635327,0.0009381276,0.00006546036,0.008749004,0.00004723407,0.41489],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8842189,0.09980641,0.0004340528,0.005388214,0.001235372,0.00002672658,0.002538436,0.00002374918,0.006328095],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.02485365,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.08314371,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.2713560763823837,"score_gpt":0.3144784288632692,"score_spread":0.04312235248088542,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}