{"id":"W2548394865","doi":"10.1144/petgeo2016-070","title":"Causes and mitigation strategies of surface hydrocarbon leaks at heavy-oil fields: examples from Alberta and California","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Petroleum Geoscience","topic":"Hydraulic Fracturing and Reservoir Analysis","field":"Engineering","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Canadian Natural Resources Limited; University of Texas at Austin","keywords":"Telmatology; Environmental geology; Metamorphic petrology; Geobiology; Geology; Economic geology; Igneous petrology; Regional geology; Engineering geology; Hydrocarbon; Hydrogeology; Palaeogeography; Earth science; Petroleum engineering; Seismology; Volcanism; Geotechnical engineering; Tectonics","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00009293799,0.000116202,0.0001694926,0.0000461132,0.00007729507,0.00003987397,0.0001042866,0.00005986143,0.00002924748],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00005136184,0.00007950611,0.0000261748,0.00007873323,0.0001872211,0.0001782761,0.0000534992,0.00005293251,0.000006440292],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002483037,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001480255,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.008026366,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.006498063,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992441,0.00001966614,0.0001605226,0.0002213055,0.0001622397,0.0001921666],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994884,0.0002030646,0.00003707195,0.0001738623,0.00001462867,0.00008301364],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005914581,0.0000655458,0.1239546,0.0004618306,0.0002213843,0.000016248,0.003277733,0.2939232,0.5637872,0.0001715548,0.0004857982,0.01357579],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001653611,0.0002215205,0.145671,0.0007309405,0.000216663,0.00002978795,0.001721351,0.5604457,0.2713756,0.001836064,0.01481948,0.001278297],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9948067,0.0009625525,0.002937855,0.0003389134,0.00005383038,0.00001309329,0.00003352492,0.00003965063,0.0008138991],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9982119,0.0007611517,0.0002057517,0.00001181754,0.00002245808,0.000002136983,0.000003574144,0.000008089628,0.0007730946],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2924116,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9985793,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.006827275699561914,"score_gpt":0.1969955136473688,"score_spread":0.1901682379478069,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}