{"id":"W2550278563","doi":"10.1063/1.4967863","title":"Identifying barriers to charge-carriers in the bulk and surface regions of Cu2ZnSnS4 nanocrystal films by x-ray absorption fine structures (XAFSs)","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Journal of Chemical Physics","topic":"Chalcogenide Semiconductor Thin Films","field":"Engineering","cited_by":7,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Western University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Office of Science; Canada Research Chairs; Canadian Light Source; Argonne National Laboratory; Ontario Innovation Trust; Western University; Canada Foundation for Innovation; Advanced Photon Sciences; U.S. Department of Energy","keywords":"Materials science; Charge carrier; CZTS; Absorbance; Crystal structure; Nanocrystal; Crystal (programming language); Optoelectronics; Kesterite; Absorption (acoustics); Thin film; Electronic band structure; Scattering; Energy conversion efficiency; Solar cell; Chemical physics; Nanotechnology; Optics; Crystallography; Chemistry; Condensed matter physics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00009178911,0.0001849682,0.0001289129,0.0003106274,0.0001853439,0.0003777223,0.0002724911,0.0001913528,0.0007619634],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001715411,0.0001778694,0.0001320144,0.0001936023,0.0002710334,0.0002261502,0.0001846222,0.0002718522,0.00009479107],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0006651658,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002030073,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.004653347,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.007183568,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9999064,0.000004413649,0.000006003329,0.00002633325,0.00004108521,0.00001573577],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9999099,0.00002266003,0.00002246837,0.00000744623,0.00002941894,0.00000816813],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002332157,0.000003867719,0.0004777904,0.00002477934,0.000002868535,0.00002620512,0.00002448869,0.0001580382,0.9986363,0.00009761169,0.00002090364,0.0005038264],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000003155282,0.00002485946,0.004252541,0.000003137638,0.000005999826,0.00002893331,0.00005265112,0.002151183,0.9932318,0.00003805876,0.0002048314,0.000002763667],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9980394,0.0001168075,0.001121319,0.00001665608,0.000003378549,0.000005008681,0.0001131034,0.00003451188,0.0005498985],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9971967,0.0001121259,0.00204207,0.00000590127,9.507305e-7,0.00001079459,0.00008650262,0.00001352029,0.0005314987],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.004653347,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.009252489,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01418336751311759,"score_gpt":0.2276742239271947,"score_spread":0.2134908564140772,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}