{"id":"W2550768135","doi":"10.1021/acs.est.6b02889","title":"Life Cycle Analysis of Bitumen Transportation to Refineries by Rail and Pipeline","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Environmental Science & Technology","topic":"Environmental Impact and Sustainability","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":26,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Oil refinery; Asphalt; Pipeline (software); Environmental science; Pipeline transport; Life-cycle assessment; Engineering; Waste management; Petroleum engineering; Transport engineering; Environmental engineering; Production (economics); Geography; Economics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004562587,0.0004995948,0.0003632171,0.0007286866,0.0003702517,0.0004028689,0.0004934001,0.0003283353,0.001747214],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0004775265,0.0002376981,0.0009399903,0.0007445066,0.000258171,0.0003692012,0.0002217003,0.0002906382,0.0001732935],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.004922697,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001963296,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.2199476,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.1668899,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9998418,0.00002693209,0.00000531649,0.00002149937,0.00006648849,0.00003786323],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997525,0.00009425118,0.0000295106,0.00001103137,0.00009956666,0.00001317793],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002014433,0.00005371927,0.01385346,0.0001034655,0.00005912902,0.0001164845,0.00003626753,0.9670476,0.009182186,0.0008458541,0.0002014506,0.008298954],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00003426401,0.0008208571,0.03022744,0.00002118085,0.0001519844,0.0000545189,0.0002000982,0.9419269,0.02290296,0.001056017,0.00255851,0.00004521837],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9881265,0.0002330762,0.006086111,0.00004960203,0.000005132807,0.0000743417,0.00144648,0.0000429079,0.003935821],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9928401,0.0002508984,0.002796853,0.00001105366,7.39252e-7,0.00003723029,0.001288433,0.00001096668,0.00276383],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2199476,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4373347,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.00272510919212445,"score_gpt":0.2101535743777045,"score_spread":0.2074284651855801,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}