{"id":"W2561394610","doi":"10.1088/1742-6596/772/1/012001","title":"How Does Measuring Generate Evidence? The Problem of Observational Grounding","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Physics Conference Series","topic":"Philosophy and History of Science","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":26,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Observational study; Closeness; Epistemology; Characterization (materials science); Function (biology); Philosophy of science; Causality (physics); Key (lock); Computer science; Process (computing); Psychology; Econometrics; Data science; Mathematics; Philosophy; Statistics; Physics; Computer security","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004152041,0.0000950717,0.0001818987,0.00003665778,0.0003563221,0.0002337904,0.0003678664,0.00001472268,0.00008876922],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00005076878,0.00004127469,0.00009471661,0.00003636388,0.0008350607,0.003023198,0.00003392071,0.00009715543,0.000001949227],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003461308,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001868058,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000008320412,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00006723905,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990626,0.00004953211,0.0002615568,0.00008517918,0.0004185282,0.0001226142],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9983993,0.0001252541,0.0005412904,0.0001014514,0.0007953949,0.00003731381],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003119463,0.00001854932,0.0002963047,0.0000306636,0.0000268849,0.000001346684,0.009462931,0.00000299302,0.04827709,0.9243314,0.0001368329,0.01738375],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002690416,0.0003931335,0.001439801,0.001284043,0.00005727652,0.00001432968,0.004924213,0.000006570285,0.1059597,0.8420582,0.04335095,0.0002427239],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9052584,0.0009084106,0.0091803,0.067927,0.002415512,0.0002713595,0.0000489679,0.00003548858,0.01395459],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9959649,0.0001167083,0.0004372717,0.00005307152,0.001169334,0.000002250973,1.575922e-7,0.000004899939,0.002251385],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.09070656,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3076816,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.2756103955044367,"score_gpt":0.249659606789791,"score_spread":0.02595078871464565,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}