{"id":"W2566912416","doi":"10.5539/ies.v10n1p137","title":"Measuring the Efficiency of Public Universities: Using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to Examine Public Universities in Saudi Arabia","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Education Studies","topic":"Socioeconomic Development in MENA","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":24,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Data envelopment analysis; Government (linguistics); Higher education; Measure (data warehouse); Business; Economic growth; Economics; Computer science; Statistics; Mathematics","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001761521,0.00009630963,0.0001798401,0.0007495856,0.0003430492,0.00006693902,0.001053141,0.00003039813,0.000231656],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000800405,0.00007486936,0.00004248738,0.0008070356,0.0003527233,0.0007276259,0.000444797,0.00004616786,0.00001720539],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.002914375,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002156551,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001277944,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002787597,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9985318,0.0001889022,0.0002953958,0.0002816274,0.0004844373,0.0002178141],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9979411,0.0005893763,0.0002024052,0.0002625006,0.0009452598,0.00005932564],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002509798,0.0005232324,0.5791255,0.00002594974,0.004453148,0.000002129272,0.2855248,0.000207272,0.0002861293,0.0784096,0.006338888,0.04507827],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002616485,0.000007963326,0.0850537,0.00008990097,0.00008433103,3.784872e-7,0.808646,0.0000603246,0.00007119012,0.0005968665,0.1049081,0.0002195707],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9668626,0.0002721522,0.001445391,0.02221462,0.00145521,0.0001411475,0.00002513874,0.00001975841,0.007564032],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9925638,0.0003170961,0.001250162,0.0001668738,0.00009777743,0.000009474225,0.0000127259,0.000004613888,0.005577413],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5231212,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.762099,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.2347342985941432,"score_gpt":0.3969427954211134,"score_spread":0.1622084968269702,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}