{"id":"W2572350151","doi":"10.3138/utlj.4216","title":"Why judges should dissent","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"University of Toronto Law Journal","topic":"Judicial and Constitutional Studies","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":4,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"York University","funders":"","keywords":"Dissenting opinion; Dissent; Political science; Judicial opinion; Transparency (behavior); Law; Indeterminacy (philosophy); Law and economics; Sociology; Epistemology; Politics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001807183,0.00003902173,0.00008907221,0.000004543395,0.005745553,0.00005542196,0.0003700323,0.00003412543,0.001399314],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00004429816,0.00003908174,0.00007840117,0.000004898148,0.001115221,0.000511156,0.00007923164,0.00005961035,0.00000953675],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001686983,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005880157,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.5178304,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.7924781,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9995009,0.00003430324,0.00004850232,0.00005654152,0.0002383189,0.0001213769],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999576,0.00001861962,0.0001176272,0.00007670424,0.0001204588,0.00009063417],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003218494,0.00004302926,0.01022278,0.000001301549,0.00006409827,0.00003738373,0.004755979,0.000001569099,0.00002376799,0.9575305,0.02398117,0.003306252],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002051578,0.00001713345,0.02452602,0.00001926154,0.00002869027,0.000002492323,0.01892784,7.400295e-7,0.000007551648,0.007295991,0.9489001,0.00006900977],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.01455533,0.0006904135,0.0001292889,0.01213562,0.0003694671,0.00003389358,0.000004341146,0.000009792699,0.9720718],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9977152,0.0009544318,0.0001535522,0.000133558,0.0002404287,1.115247e-8,1.823309e-7,0.000001026716,0.0008016466],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9831598,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9995136,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.04189442167510912,"score_gpt":0.2901092477198451,"score_spread":0.248214826044736,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}