{"id":"W2587206624","doi":"10.1038/nphys4208","title":"Evidence for light-by-light scattering in heavy-ion collisions with the ATLAS detector at the LHC","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Nature Physics","topic":"High-Energy Particle Collisions Research","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":376,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia; York University; University of Toronto; Simon Fraser University; University of Victoria; McGill University; Carleton University; TRIUMF; Institute of Particle Physics; Université de Montréal; University of Alberta","funders":"British Columbia Knowledge Development Fund; Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia; Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules; Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica; Science and Technology Facilities Council; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique et Technique; Georgian National Science Foundation; National Research Center \"Kurchatov Institute\"; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Max-Planck-Gesellschaft; Israel Science Foundation; Israeli Centers for Research Excellence; Joint Institute for Nuclear Research; Bundesministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Wirtschaft; General Secretariat for Research and Technology; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; Austrian Science Fund; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico; U.S. Department of Energy; National Natural Science Foundation of China; Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica; Danmarks Grundforskningsfond; Ministerstwo Edukacji i Nauki; CERN; Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung; Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS; Services Fédéraux des Affaires Scientifiques, Techniques et Culturelles; Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung; Canarie; Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (COLCIENCIAS); Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo; Türkiye Atom Enerjisi Kurumu; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Physics; Pseudorapidity; Large Hadron Collider; Nuclear physics; Photon; Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider; Particle physics; Scattering; Invariant mass; Nucleon; Ion; Charged particle; Heavy ion; Optics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003018064,0.0001985562,0.0001888802,0.00002169667,0.001655464,0.000331265,0.0009344361,0.00008614687,0.0000275031],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00006543378,0.0001015187,0.0001050714,0.0002381504,0.0001506847,0.0003434924,0.0003445966,0.0006302088,0.00004274138],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00009500143,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001000827,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000153251,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0003044731,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9985625,0.00008414786,0.000152557,0.0003594701,0.0004003063,0.0004410899],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9979243,0.0005648278,0.0001371636,0.001129128,0.000159401,0.00008518073],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.002336388,0.0009527446,0.08023753,0.0001149184,0.0005167172,0.00001629828,0.003330274,0.01968017,0.6457526,0.08588038,0.1342071,0.02697484],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00187945,0.0002341554,0.01170458,0.0005077045,0.00007921569,0.000001768749,0.0002755772,0.01671321,0.8347557,0.001008754,0.1322453,0.0005945888],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9801149,0.0003830466,0.001363388,0.01638885,0.0001597698,0.0007863787,0.00005554585,0.0000175646,0.0007305647],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.997529,0.000009367293,0.0001097928,0.0000408999,0.0005512257,0.0003413691,0.00001051672,0.00003264863,0.001375163],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1890031,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9996442,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.0285543147620946,"score_gpt":0.330216663553219,"score_spread":0.3016623487911245,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). 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