{"id":"W2587206624","doi":"10.1038/nphys4208","title":"Evidence for light-by-light scattering in heavy-ion collisions with the ATLAS detector at the LHC","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Nature Physics","topic":"High-Energy Particle Collisions Research","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":376,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia; York University; University of Toronto; Simon Fraser University; University of Victoria; McGill University; Carleton University; TRIUMF; Institute of Particle Physics; Université de Montréal; University of Alberta","funders":"British Columbia Knowledge Development Fund; Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia; Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules; Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica; Science and Technology Facilities Council; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique et Technique; Georgian National Science Foundation; National Research Center \"Kurchatov Institute\"; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Max-Planck-Gesellschaft; Israel Science Foundation; Israeli Centers for Research Excellence; Joint Institute for Nuclear Research; Bundesministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Wirtschaft; General Secretariat for Research and Technology; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; Austrian Science Fund; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico; U.S. Department of Energy; National Natural Science Foundation of China; Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica; Danmarks Grundforskningsfond; Ministerstwo Edukacji i Nauki; CERN; Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung; Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS; Services Fédéraux des Affaires Scientifiques, Techniques et Culturelles; Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung; Canarie; Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (COLCIENCIAS); Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo; Türkiye Atom Enerjisi Kurumu; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Physics; Pseudorapidity; Large Hadron Collider; Nuclear physics; Photon; Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider; Particle physics; Scattering; Invariant mass; Nucleon; Ion; Charged particle; Heavy ion; Optics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001204731,0.0004841016,0.000484592,0.001093054,0.001198421,0.002217915,0.0008099222,0.0008064374,0.002836253],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001441806,0.000542014,0.0003259948,0.001385039,0.0007071078,0.0005925936,0.001438311,0.000526136,0.000577816],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0007563305,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0005662661,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003182667,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.003867607,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9984034,0.0003097642,0.00008488235,0.0002607581,0.0005509601,0.000390268],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9980557,0.0006364133,0.0005053523,0.0002896741,0.0002055761,0.0003073553],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.005578427,0.0004722868,0.662831,0.0003975161,0.000431296,0.005755552,0.002605186,0.003115545,0.2796209,0.02159863,0.004350875,0.01324272],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003350929,0.0007333042,0.6900814,0.00009592128,0.0002696501,0.007062342,0.001376364,0.01465699,0.2638757,0.007922845,0.01331344,0.0002769361],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9912328,0.0004948111,0.002214171,0.0001036279,0.00001844547,0.00001597678,0.0005578639,0.0001387221,0.005223571],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9982881,0.0001070441,0.0004152106,0.00005815303,0.000009920898,0.000007480122,0.0005723068,0.00002401037,0.0005177977],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.003182667,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.009488225,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.0285543147620946,"score_gpt":0.330216663553219,"score_spread":0.3016623487911245,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). 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