{"id":"W2591092602","doi":"10.3758/s13423-017-1242-7","title":"Dunning–Kruger effects in reasoning: Theoretical implications of the failure to recognize incompetence","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review","topic":"Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics","field":"Decision Sciences","cited_by":230,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Psychology; Cognitive psychology; Cognitive science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.004489049,0.0002194095,0.0007671303,0.0001141698,0.0002928318,0.0002619242,0.003471989,0.0000967874,0.001527699],"category_scores_gemma":[0.01409429,0.0001381231,0.0003918379,0.0002947458,0.0003692775,0.00008516807,0.000574472,0.0002956227,0.00205957],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006152649,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00008837417,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00002828626,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00003712807,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9969936,0.0003301509,0.001278085,0.0007596047,0.0003303638,0.000308212],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9939721,0.001542313,0.0009266399,0.003186612,0.0001781879,0.0001941113],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002814208,0.0001310279,0.02461675,0.0001462667,0.000009208172,0.000002168719,0.00009398486,0.00001190668,0.0001020245,0.01731152,0.1024942,0.8550528],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005245999,0.00007788647,0.2253232,0.01149336,0.00006848897,0.00003161617,0.00003952543,0.00002502773,0.00006165516,0.1021107,0.6598164,0.0004274283],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7833191,0.008561391,0.0006432442,0.1797468,0.002047034,0.002607168,0.00003469705,0.0000420653,0.02299855],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9853969,0.00168584,0.008393236,0.003984178,0.00007869366,0.0001441658,8.884846e-7,0.00002464563,0.0002914823],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8546254,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9993851,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.06192809353097678,"score_gpt":0.41030064360943,"score_spread":0.3483725500784532,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}