{"id":"W2608820932","doi":"10.1257/pol.20140371","title":"Are State Governments Roadblocks to Federal Stimulus? Evidence on the Flypaper Effect of Highway Grants in the 2009 Recovery Act","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Economic Journal Economic Policy","topic":"Fiscal Policy and Economic Growth","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":81,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Bank of Canada","funders":"","keywords":"Liberian dollar; Stimulus (psychology); Governor; Economics; Federal funds; State (computer science); Public economics; Finance; Business; Public administration; Political science; Monetary economics; Monetary policy; Engineering; Psychology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.003306984,0.0005264382,0.00135973,0.000477102,0.0007707393,0.0007800439,0.002661648,0.00009920562,0.0002302547],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0009934722,0.0004091736,0.000502167,0.00009231368,0.0005172291,0.001039444,0.0002927505,0.0007037277,0.002439512],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.002052906,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001898844,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01062239,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001315035,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9962534,0.0002238892,0.00170828,0.000726373,0.00006766112,0.001020369],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9928536,0.001128881,0.004134761,0.001570807,0.00001060964,0.0003013797],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001956504,0.0002185994,0.8820701,0.00005317917,0.0007859616,0.0000415379,0.002097072,0.01092508,0.00004235205,0.02273142,0.04305995,0.03601822],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001898662,0.001338425,0.9516922,0.0002001163,0.00002036216,0.0000828575,0.0002841899,0.001258254,0.0002775097,0.03183387,0.01027004,0.0008435645],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9455995,0.000129228,0.00001374313,0.01994551,0.000843574,0.0005494499,0.0005494191,0.00001299363,0.03235658],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9917272,0.000409662,0.0000208239,0.006321724,0.001006811,0.00006145569,0.00000160907,0.00006488127,0.0003858204],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.06962203,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.999836,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03096194810991628,"score_gpt":0.2789187281892097,"score_spread":0.2479567800792934,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}