{"id":"W2731112398","doi":"10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.02.020","title":"Quasi-experimental study designs series—paper 1: introduction: two historical lineages","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Clinical Epidemiology","topic":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","field":"Mathematics","cited_by":74,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Ottawa","funders":"","keywords":"Causal inference; Counterfactual conditional; Computer science; Inference; Contrast (vision); Management science; Data science; Clinical study design; Operations research; Clinical trial; Medicine; Psychology; Econometrics; Counterfactual thinking; Artificial intelligence; Mathematics; Social psychology; Engineering","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.02465251,0.0002753933,0.002977866,0.00009295646,0.0002817593,0.00002588721,0.0009273657,0.0003209978,0.0003322722],"category_scores_gemma":[0.1863687,0.0002012454,0.0006046926,0.00004686257,0.0004658381,0.0007179138,0.000249521,0.001538827,0.00001925774],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002737556,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001387054,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00003631226,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000263027,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9898663,0.003945957,0.005091412,0.0004104363,0.000286314,0.0003995392],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9763878,0.01585111,0.005914364,0.001094221,0.0004282013,0.0003242867],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.003873199,0.03686517,0.3250421,0.00007280469,0.001169812,0.0007191029,0.0007390131,0.0000597398,0.001448188,0.2908215,0.3198777,0.01931164],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.004102046,0.0431849,0.02136132,0.00008569825,0.0003131034,0.0008547034,0.000606973,0.00008888919,0.001099494,0.8470494,0.08062308,0.0006303805],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.6593444,0.0009262021,0.2532558,0.07086098,0.01254633,0.0009848091,0.000004114966,0.0002704173,0.001806891],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.7727242,0.000214455,0.2160292,0.0007068618,0.009203254,0.00001654022,5.57602e-7,0.00003974987,0.001065264],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5562279,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8544119,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.6842402606492697,"score_gpt":0.6275217179570611,"score_spread":0.05671854269220855,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}