{"id":"W2733260399","doi":"10.5430/afr.v6n3p24","title":"Do Institutional Investors Aleviate Agency Costs in R&D Investment Decisions?","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Accounting and Finance Research","topic":"Corporate Finance and Governance","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Agency cost; Investment (military); Agency (philosophy); Institutional investor; Cash flow; Free cash flow; Principal–agent problem; Investment decisions; Business; Shareholder; Finance; Monetary economics; Control (management); Economics; Microeconomics; Corporate governance; Behavioral economics; Politics","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts","scholarly_communication"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002437989,0.0002030682,0.0002578703,0.0004030485,0.001681036,0.001132728,0.0007316977,0.0001192897,0.00002974741],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002194144,0.0001933551,0.0000493296,0.000572911,0.0004929702,0.002590411,0.0006609237,0.0005283529,0.0004950606],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001372596,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001532995,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.005540185,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002043614,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9976624,0.00002160535,0.000354907,0.0005920128,0.0006904699,0.0006785628],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9984577,0.0001221743,0.0003346068,0.0007486314,0.0003184131,0.0000185167],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005633256,0.0001017348,0.7861782,0.00006298629,0.000006494194,0.00008070044,0.00006953687,0.00005405579,0.0001450419,0.1160712,0.007402836,0.0897709],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005510794,0.000006983827,0.7410811,0.0004335348,0.000003050279,0.000002804456,0.00001653589,0.0004131873,0.000008415474,0.0153914,0.2418975,0.0001944387],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9766567,0.001010321,0.00004263599,0.001340237,0.0003113804,0.0002832034,0.000006431848,0.00002650553,0.02032252],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9956736,0.001887473,0.0002370311,0.0006762569,0.000582347,0.00006869726,0.00001009047,0.00002133989,0.0008431647],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2344946,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999042,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1513965418727745,"score_gpt":0.3545313029131223,"score_spread":0.2031347610403478,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}