{"id":"W2734957306","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199744084.013.0024","title":"Variation and Change","year":2013,"lang":"en","type":"book-chapter","venue":"Oxford University Press eBooks","topic":"Linguistic Variation and Morphology","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":58,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Victoria","funders":"","keywords":"Variation (astronomy); Sociolinguistics; Language change; Linguistics; Heuristic; Feature (linguistics); Sociology; Computer science; Artificial intelligence; Philosophy; Physics; Astrophysics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001017508,0.0003087622,0.0003705745,0.0008833101,0.001357871,0.003376877,0.0006321308,0.001126105,0.009687393],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00206793,0.0001271419,0.0002454397,0.001045098,0.01362249,0.00338057,0.001855153,0.002156603,0.0009017981],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00318958,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001306792,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002619407,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002168541,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988139,0.0005447415,0.00003843021,0.00024784,0.0002752269,0.00007980548],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993913,0.0003829337,0.00002756991,0.0001000859,0.00006828371,0.00002982389],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000003038232,0.000003143121,0.00009796563,0.00002957667,0.000002801322,0.00002211517,0.00111634,0.0001629187,0.00006643654,0.9828926,0.004105532,0.01149746],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000003074807,0.000008468137,0.0004985456,0.0001181635,0.000002946485,0.00007786076,0.0008059489,0.0002506718,0.0001086471,0.7190226,0.2790983,0.000004720313],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"other","genre_scores_codex":[0.01139228,0.03411957,0.01370902,0.01800022,0.001132794,0.00003690755,0.0001406639,0.00008843232,0.9213802],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.7765073,0.02170364,0.007282661,0.004882423,0.001498831,0.0001223211,0.0002975356,0.0001686703,0.1875366],"genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":"other","teacher_disagreement_score":0.009687393,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.03240758,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.05421911389555625,"score_gpt":0.2442055967516318,"score_spread":0.1899864828560756,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}