{"id":"W2738825649","doi":"10.1119/1.4991371","title":"Concepts first: A course with improved educational outcomes and parity for underrepresented minority groups","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Physics","topic":"Science Education and Pedagogy","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":11,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"University of California, Davis","keywords":"Underrepresented Minority; Mathematics education; Graduation (instrument); Class (philosophy); Course (navigation); Physics; Quarter (Canadian coin); Physics education; Psychology; Medical education; Medicine; Mathematics; Computer science; Astronomy","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004637129,0.00006889674,0.0001890242,0.00001696561,0.001025531,0.0001571768,0.00031289,0.00001583314,0.00002325019],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0004456241,0.0000534783,0.0000581467,0.00007062015,0.001661715,0.0004006332,0.00001443658,0.000106131,8.834362e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004030484,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0008848051,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002351842,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001516821,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992785,0.00006549039,0.0001395009,0.00011107,0.0002363552,0.0001691029],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9982358,0.0004405787,0.0006519473,0.0001606754,0.0003379533,0.0001731113],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005929451,0.0002517939,0.9321584,0.000005386365,0.00006336363,4.757367e-7,0.01354747,0.000003872176,0.0000316365,0.01845528,0.001767446,0.03365559],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006450642,0.0003485394,0.9581822,0.00001458191,0.00005413008,0.000004960265,0.02888491,0.00006888881,0.00002932167,0.007488207,0.004143828,0.0001354083],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9602159,0.00002907466,0.00140526,0.0358101,0.0005634456,0.0001473486,0.000007742069,0.000004730488,0.001816442],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9974743,0.00002393234,0.001270558,0.0002449958,0.0006861174,0.000005233891,8.13161e-7,0.000003548546,0.0002905466],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.0372584,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.788766,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.05198721206427521,"score_gpt":0.4348561891274913,"score_spread":0.3828689770632161,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}