{"id":"W2747455940","doi":"10.1016/b978-0-444-59428-0.00006-0","title":"Polarization","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"book-chapter","venue":"Handbook of income distribution","topic":"Culture, Economy, and Development Studies","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":18,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Université Laval","funders":"","keywords":"Polarization (electrochemistry); Alienation; Socioeconomic status; Inequality; Population; Positive economics; Social psychology; Sociology; Econometrics; Demographic economics; Psychology; Economics; Mathematics; Political science; Demography; Mathematical analysis; Chemistry","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003424961,0.0001763187,0.0003361527,0.00005224995,0.0004363488,0.00003191075,0.0001435344,0.0003122744,0.0004578725],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001062902,0.0001789162,0.0001261608,0.0000310727,0.0002947965,0.00007049163,0.00005161002,0.0001220786,0.0001467304],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002535635,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001468502,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001675299,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0004636767,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989381,0.00002668719,0.0003581995,0.0002119014,0.0002839284,0.000181156],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991142,0.00005292505,0.0003679096,0.000136504,0.0002611477,0.00006736202],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001458756,0.00001000778,0.001699683,0.00005180933,0.00007629305,7.803813e-7,0.0007869035,6.944538e-7,0.00001024074,0.9799501,0.01242414,0.004974819],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001956759,0.00002691958,0.001328794,0.0004507804,0.00004249959,3.766206e-7,0.00008831771,0.000001560066,0.00010073,0.02976432,0.9677365,0.0002635292],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"other","genre_scores_codex":[0.00007846552,0.002038554,0.01652874,0.0002390515,0.000480841,0.0003659069,0.0003709015,0.0001274253,0.9797701],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.1132111,0.004461055,0.0002191473,0.0001148675,0.0008425252,0.00002041256,0.003821825,0.00003373266,0.8772753],"genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":"other","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9553124,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7295992,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01814169381961073,"score_gpt":0.2524268208894981,"score_spread":0.2342851270698874,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}