{"id":"W2767541846","doi":"10.3390/philosophies2040024","title":"How Can a Taxonomy of Stances Help Clarify Classical Debates on Scientific Change?","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Philosophies","topic":"Philosophy and History of Science","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":16,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Western University; University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Epistemology; Pluralism (philosophy); Monism; Conflation; Taxonomy (biology); Philosophy of science; Sociology; Philosophy; Biology; Ecology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":["sts"],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002103679,0.0001935368,0.0002802688,0.0002278182,0.002510673,0.0009956646,0.0007409161,0.00007698241,0.0001309333],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00009062939,0.000158771,0.0001169102,0.00003460832,0.005552086,0.0009348428,0.0001012912,0.0002625598,0.00004398981],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003460543,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004738649,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001008528,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001443996,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986997,0.00002684198,0.0001750893,0.0003965609,0.0004154661,0.000286329],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987282,0.00004838634,0.0003079456,0.0006520849,0.0001589721,0.0001044028],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004655192,0.0001157217,0.0001612071,0.00005363529,0.00001948085,0.00000688396,0.006428989,3.590585e-7,0.0002833775,0.9876843,0.003502589,0.001696872],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002657489,0.0002881037,0.000735269,0.0001312324,0.00002358269,0.000001233767,0.0008197269,0.0000197489,0.001564009,0.2463962,0.7494527,0.0003024317],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.2147563,0.001944233,0.000007527604,0.2774275,0.006648613,0.0009655109,0.0005332521,0.0002029168,0.4975142],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.992806,0.00002542976,0.00005163229,0.0003434586,0.002432397,0.00006372485,0.000006405624,0.00001238663,0.004258604],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7780496,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9987879,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.2608503307214675,"score_gpt":0.2651569504242512,"score_spread":0.004306619702783676,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}