{"id":"W2790232035","doi":"10.5539/elt.v11n2p122","title":"A Corpus-based Study of Modal Verbs in Chinese Learners’ Academic Writing","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"English Language Teaching","topic":"Second Language Acquisition and Learning","field":"Psychology","cited_by":60,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Modal verb; Grammar; Modal; Linguistics; Psychology; Academic writing; Modality (human–computer interaction); Curriculum; Computer science; Mathematics education; Pedagogy; Artificial intelligence; Verb","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001526493,0.0002145183,0.0003345181,0.0003890489,0.0001280161,0.00002729849,0.0003301062,0.000171947,0.007275689],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00109234,0.0002049927,0.00007394887,0.0003284342,0.00005798457,0.0001535625,0.00006945958,0.001482853,0.0000660588],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005305517,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002203992,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001079796,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001766199,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9975626,0.0008482911,0.0004985069,0.0004283586,0.0002512037,0.000411057],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988319,0.0003787632,0.0002114227,0.0004562799,0.00003845716,0.00008313124],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001547555,0.000469005,0.1432604,0.00001746423,0.00004050666,0.0002513801,0.835889,0.0001108334,0.002995867,0.0001915825,0.00006204059,0.01655721],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00570569,0.0007548202,0.08646745,0.0001285572,0.00002893898,0.00001326677,0.905066,0.0009021783,0.0001866846,0.00001309037,0.0003132586,0.0004200291],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":"qualitative","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9785687,0.001368811,0.0001080114,0.00001854036,0.0005353281,0.0002895964,0.00000428639,0.0002240866,0.01888268],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9973296,3.167784e-7,0.0001734657,0.0009393771,0.001099325,0.00002681663,0.00001946768,0.00004972714,0.0003618812],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.06917705,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9936318,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.0139828680073435,"score_gpt":0.3439177930240707,"score_spread":0.3299349250167272,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}