{"id":"W2791376508","doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.7b03821","title":"Rapid Determination of Bitumen Content in Athabasca Oil Sands by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Energy & Fuels","topic":"Laser-induced spectroscopy and plasma","field":"Engineering","cited_by":17,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"National Research Council Canada","funders":"","keywords":"Oil sands; Asphalt; Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy; Raw material; Extraction (chemistry); Sample preparation; Environmental science; Mineralogy; Materials science; Chemistry; Spectroscopy; Composite material; Chromatography","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001949119,0.0002661088,0.0003495221,0.0001886646,0.00005358385,0.00003072935,0.0002306227,0.0001865918,0.0004650774],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000259709,0.0002663335,0.00008690341,0.0003077415,0.0000557545,0.0001897149,0.00003352719,0.0001737462,0.00004470542],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001437988,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003431548,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0005620341,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0008870337,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9985613,0.00006109079,0.0004177369,0.0002859536,0.00023373,0.000440209],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993355,0.0000846227,0.00008125959,0.0003288302,0.00005796263,0.0001117942],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000406896,0.00006703214,0.0001773329,0.00003212436,0.00002522689,0.000009116347,0.0002106728,0.000007608744,0.9762213,0.0002243633,0.00111598,0.02186854],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0008283666,0.0003151078,0.0004868375,0.00006910261,0.000014663,0.000007210199,0.00003521309,0.001341385,0.9876983,0.0001515771,0.008780057,0.0002721714],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9745119,0.0001501562,0.0006221531,0.00006488388,0.0005739254,0.00004808731,0.00004337331,0.0001508501,0.02383467],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9976844,0.0002516193,0.0007752418,0.00008531829,0.000231658,0.00003159311,0.00005911875,0.00004823236,0.0008328097],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.02317251,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999789,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01438119954699217,"score_gpt":0.2224854817974493,"score_spread":0.2081042822504571,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}