{"id":"W2797689619","doi":"10.1126/science.aaq0917","title":"Bystander risk, social value, and ethics of human research","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Science","topic":"Viral Infections and Outbreaks Research","field":"Medicine","cited_by":64,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Bystander effect; Value (mathematics); Research ethics; Environmental ethics; Psychology; Social psychology; Computer science; Psychiatry; Philosophy","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":["sts"],"category_scores_codex":[0.005426512,0.0000327237,0.00007787821,0.0002258216,0.001321478,0.00003243102,0.00009521546,0.00005506917,0.0001071937],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0008069834,0.00002462371,0.00001618738,0.0009763284,0.005025695,0.00008385063,0.0001336144,0.0005196666,0.00001925871],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004387374,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003619343,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0004652438,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00008664693,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9985285,0.0001046657,0.0000875889,0.0001771987,0.0008494793,0.0002525679],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988519,0.00008778879,0.00002071871,0.0001237,0.0008250615,0.00009083484],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007200705,0.0001957443,0.04400903,0.0001045153,0.00001396314,0.00000570461,0.008442595,2.045264e-7,0.8831806,0.04874425,0.002537712,0.01269363],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0008674266,0.002235232,0.8246686,0.00008105503,0.00001479439,0.00002318183,0.001758369,0.0006078868,0.1509001,0.01347523,0.005259962,0.0001080643],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9705344,0.00004548951,0.00008902902,0.0014128,0.00004336194,0.0001046039,0.000002110256,0.000009568505,0.02775859],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9985121,0.00002419681,0.0001422394,0.00006381088,0.0001558489,0.000002009697,2.090075e-7,0.000003200035,0.001096375],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7806596,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999787,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.2677803125401644,"score_gpt":0.5702290490259757,"score_spread":0.3024487364858113,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}