{"id":"W2802521917","doi":"10.1109/tie.2018.2833038","title":"A Closed-Loop Constant-Temperature Constant-Voltage Charging Technique to Reduce Charge Time of Lithium-Ion Batteries","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics","topic":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","field":"Engineering","cited_by":193,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Ontario Tech University","funders":"","keywords":"Control theory (sociology); Constant current; PID controller; Voltage; Constant (computer programming); Battery (electricity); Time constant; Controller (irrigation); Electrical engineering; Computer science; Temperature control; Engineering; Physics; Control engineering; Power (physics); Thermodynamics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003095029,0.0003935035,0.0004855877,0.0005929671,0.0002385705,0.00005383321,0.0004753239,0.0006894172,0.0005017961],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0000533704,0.0004176642,0.0001159782,0.001261459,0.0003599842,0.0002899801,0.000007586849,0.00180495,0.0001581868],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0005382233,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002577832,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000008332388,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001379482,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9976436,0.00006404622,0.0005269921,0.0004491621,0.0004002584,0.000915915],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987914,0.0001519731,0.00007982228,0.0006410785,0.0001926027,0.0001431019],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002972003,0.0000681281,0.000001681929,0.00002913705,0.00009164506,0.000007359477,0.0001297241,0.0009897783,0.9794099,0.0002560099,0.001989687,0.01672972],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0007530521,0.0009107969,5.169996e-7,0.0001944441,0.00002465959,0.00002856064,0.00008341553,0.0006653283,0.9857007,0.0001257617,0.01112754,0.0003852493],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.5459384,0.0002730484,0.440201,0.001120129,0.001827715,0.003612265,0.0008548582,0.002854923,0.003317588],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9975872,0.000210433,0.0005607387,0.00007394828,0.0002207459,0.0002805279,0.00001069386,0.0001061214,0.000949568],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4516488,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998275,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02019342510378975,"score_gpt":0.2651359198058645,"score_spread":0.2449424947020747,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}