{"id":"W2806646483","doi":"10.1080/09546553.2018.1463914","title":"Violence-producing Dynamics of Fragile States: How State Fragility in Iraq Contributed to the Emergence of Islamic State","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Terrorism and Political Violence","topic":"Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and Political Violence","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Carleton University","funders":"","keywords":"Fragility; Nexus (standard); Terrorism; State (computer science); Islam; Empirical research; Political science; Criminology; Positive economics; Political economy; Law and economics; Sociology; Law; Economics; Epistemology; Geography; Engineering; Physics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001881973,0.0003713271,0.0006720144,0.0001971423,0.000322838,0.00006172377,0.0009470491,0.0001787889,0.0001232324],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001030201,0.0002992289,0.0001170161,0.0007764364,0.002601701,0.0003430574,0.000268777,0.0004576234,0.00002660722],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001650894,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002968932,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0328489,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01187204,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9952786,0.0006327954,0.000922323,0.0007614299,0.0007768717,0.001627985],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9973232,0.0006298126,0.0002549959,0.0007645388,0.0005468824,0.0004806138],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0009504963,0.001160413,0.2113647,0.0009123308,0.0001730827,0.00007136547,0.5107309,0.00009846866,0.001256752,0.103172,0.001400232,0.1687092],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001767874,0.00205553,0.2321747,0.005937518,0.0001339137,0.00001153658,0.3356633,0.0106306,0.007366972,0.4011267,0.001221347,0.001910067],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9836158,0.0003538977,0.007508884,0.005807586,0.000720015,0.0006828262,0.0009618315,0.00006232531,0.0002868411],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9977696,0.0009209893,0.00008206755,0.0008103625,0.0002492685,0.00003785238,0.00001770001,0.00002399052,0.00008815774],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2979546,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.999946,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01360311589292757,"score_gpt":0.2980044035218045,"score_spread":0.284401287628877,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}