{"id":"W2883710555","doi":"","title":"Prices, Competition and Regulation in Pharmaceuticals: A Cross-National Comparison","year":2000,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Monographs","topic":"Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":14,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Competition (biology); Business; Industrial organization; Economics; Biology; Ecology","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004278265,0.0001078613,0.0002326345,0.0002624254,0.0000723183,0.0001064361,0.00009161513,0.00007611686,0.001789154],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002038306,0.0001375741,0.00005405577,0.0002564001,0.0001023047,0.0002654858,0.00001864778,0.0001425657,0.0003500567],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004550113,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000009855933,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00005880129,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001758726,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989215,0.0000126214,0.0005279089,0.0002823692,0.00003050074,0.0002251394],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996293,0.00006167868,0.0001014696,0.00009244568,0.00001489946,0.0001001616],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007508614,0.0002313106,0.4686835,0.00002843701,0.00003046715,9.951951e-7,0.0002912471,0.001068495,0.00002461545,0.5136936,0.001089579,0.01478267],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001204561,0.00002496291,0.4125925,0.000009339225,0.000002671902,0.000003059363,0.000005382402,0.09006764,0.00007084882,0.1019551,0.3938364,0.0002275247],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9120958,0.002371692,0.0001541074,0.001156118,0.00008720747,0.0001901827,0.0001419587,0.00003491461,0.08376795],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9972828,0.0009230821,0.0003581524,0.001092411,0.00006423521,0.00002299733,0.00004232861,0.00001137526,0.0002026363],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4117385,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9991233,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.08258621709521968,"score_gpt":0.3517653901702371,"score_spread":0.2691791730750174,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}