{"id":"W2889519118","doi":"10.1017/s1366728918000950","title":"Who is bilingual? Snapshots across the lifespan","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Bilingualism Language and Cognition","topic":"Language Development and Disorders","field":"Psychology","cited_by":55,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"York University","funders":"","keywords":"Neuroscience of multilingualism; Psychology; Variance (accounting); Developmental psychology; Factorial analysis; Language proficiency; Young adult; Mathematics education; Mathematics; Statistics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004676352,0.0002141178,0.0001781976,0.000065794,0.0004217796,0.0001227562,0.0001831278,0.00016117,0.00337242],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001398415,0.0001470494,0.0000712553,0.0002815442,0.0003373439,0.00009518943,0.00008127152,0.0001669952,0.000468612],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000009409589,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004576612,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003567253,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0004667937,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9985132,0.0001154873,0.0002670928,0.0004417203,0.0002116756,0.0004507748],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991568,0.000141279,0.0001003695,0.0003685202,0.0001412758,0.00009175221],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002213693,0.0001565657,0.002697966,0.00003238651,0.0001748066,0.0001603092,0.787653,3.283296e-8,0.001990247,0.001636448,0.01305303,0.1922238],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.007210691,0.0007999145,0.04656421,0.0002404463,0.0003858377,0.0004564536,0.8035184,0.00007720044,0.03705249,0.00690724,0.09470061,0.002086569],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":"qualitative","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9685654,0.002176076,0.00005830896,0.0006932113,0.000513548,0.0003043905,0.00004510162,0.0001323138,0.02751163],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.983305,0.00004026576,0.00007396565,0.009779006,0.0009658132,0.00003181343,0.00009858151,0.00003100067,0.005674531],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1901372,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9975386,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01979567125457464,"score_gpt":0.344082456268266,"score_spread":0.3242867850136913,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}