{"id":"W2889667864","doi":"10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2018.08.006","title":"Middle-range theories of land system change","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Global Environmental Change","topic":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":560,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"European Research Council; European Commission; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Land use; Land use, land-use change and forestry; Land cover; Land management; Deforestation (computer science); Causal chain; Agricultural land; Sustainability; Sustainable land management; Agriculture; Environmental resource management; Natural resource economics; Geography; Economics; Ecology; Computer science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001646026,0.0002234023,0.0002549073,0.00001781275,0.0001399434,0.00001754013,0.0003254529,0.0001091998,0.002212852],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00000180135,0.0001781642,0.00008242468,0.0001561917,0.0001632686,0.0003881891,0.0003601994,0.00004650808,0.002951264],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002974516,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000001572383,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002752271,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001494921,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9985614,0.00005433253,0.0002462131,0.0003584604,0.0003851091,0.0003944332],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993506,0.0000112946,0.0001417648,0.0003534951,0.000002235354,0.0001406099],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006823763,0.0001134445,0.9937858,0.0001123412,0.00002702446,0.00001475162,0.001115209,8.991921e-7,0.000215588,0.0002903343,0.00008721114,0.004169175],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001162499,0.0006466682,0.9772302,0.0002290777,0.0000961873,0.0000868682,0.001376338,0.001240298,0.001596442,0.0004275219,0.01525967,0.0006482488],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9790562,0.0004698108,0.0000095807,0.00007295043,0.0004031067,0.0004394528,0.0003819029,0.00006537134,0.01910163],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9988809,0.00006886147,0.00008226885,0.0002691509,0.0005253899,0.00009377942,0.00003027667,0.00001588682,0.00003348944],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.0198247,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9986992,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02445667677715609,"score_gpt":0.2073888940351286,"score_spread":0.1829322172579725,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}