{"id":"W2890234672","doi":"10.1103/physrevlett.122.054802","title":"Experimental Observation of Proton Bunch Modulation in a Plasma at Varying Plasma Densities","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical Review Letters","topic":"Laser-Plasma Interactions and Diagnostics","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":84,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"TRIUMF","funders":"Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia; Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron; Science and Technology Facilities Council; National Research Foundation; National Research Council Canada; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Russian Academy of Sciences; Norges Forskningsråd; National Research Foundation of Korea; Leverhulme Trust; TRIUMF; Max-Planck-Gesellschaft; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; CERN; Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung","keywords":"Plasma; Proton; Atomic physics; Physics; Modulation (music); Nuclear physics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00005658973,0.0001391129,0.0002955558,0.00003640955,0.00003177716,0.00001416787,0.00007543557,0.000008269031,0.0003461238],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001074768,0.0001264829,0.0001196702,0.0001369863,0.00002216295,0.0002432581,0.00004768314,0.0001014743,0.0002851232],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007926393,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001313502,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001524737,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001496093,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991434,0.0000452923,0.0002834195,0.0001978466,0.000174897,0.0001550946],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994161,0.0001782343,0.0001627053,0.0001770206,0.00003332378,0.00003267939],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001360735,0.001427947,0.2250973,0.002297898,0.0001143752,0.000004066763,0.001180889,0.03410781,0.7250565,0.005352429,0.002291406,0.00293331],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002683546,0.0002845392,0.02553706,0.006561606,0.0001118964,0.00000340866,0.0002090057,0.2629205,0.693111,0.0003845407,0.007307976,0.0008849262],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9978453,0.00003125714,0.00007838209,0.0003622893,0.0001037819,0.0008012038,0.00001156315,0.00001066619,0.0007555434],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9990212,0.00001673168,0.0001874786,0.0003631249,0.00008939993,0.0001808769,0.00007025427,0.00001409216,0.00005681816],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2288127,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5157825,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.0217787223501329,"score_gpt":0.2853949339970149,"score_spread":0.263616211646882,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}