{"id":"W2891585895","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2374631","title":"Returns to Skills Around the World: Evidence from Piaac","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"SSRN Electronic Journal","topic":"Labor market dynamics and wage inequality","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":59,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Numeracy; Human capital; Earnings; Wage; Demographic economics; Quarter (Canadian coin); Economics; Educational attainment; Cognitive skill; Labour economics; Literacy; Psychology; Accounting; Cognition; Economic growth; Geography","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00605077,0.0001830973,0.0003329495,0.0001694449,0.0002574418,0.0002606821,0.0007440613,0.00006597411,0.0001958708],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0007490038,0.0001465562,0.0001643425,0.0004398326,0.00004107181,0.0002773876,0.00009545271,0.001358109,0.0003722837],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0008075855,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002324424,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0007077695,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01040967,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9972191,0.0001056133,0.0006446952,0.000367669,0.00009405235,0.001568864],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9984699,0.0004233154,0.0003877755,0.0005265152,0.00005888075,0.0001335975],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003134904,0.00004612089,0.03950527,0.000002393684,0.000110567,9.26694e-7,0.000419325,0.0001091388,0.00002333375,0.954697,0.000288962,0.004765623],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002469345,0.0001128098,0.01713835,0.00003317501,0.00001115104,0.00001411392,0.0002102661,0.0008586862,0.00001018892,0.9552497,0.02587505,0.0002395662],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9355659,0.004583311,0.04079386,0.01306606,0.0009170276,0.0001825533,0.0000472307,0.00002983821,0.004814171],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9909193,0.002185399,0.0002599177,0.001322584,0.0009498005,0.000008399805,0.00000409626,0.00002853287,0.004321977],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.05535334,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.597639,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01447031681142077,"score_gpt":0.2400829891183621,"score_spread":0.2256126723069413,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}