{"id":"W2892148986","doi":"10.3386/w14592","title":"Brain Drain or Brain Bank? The Impact of Skilled Emigration on Poor-Country Innovation","year":2008,"lang":"en","type":"preprint","venue":"National Bureau of Economic Research","topic":"Economic Growth and Development","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":32,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada; Harvard University","keywords":"Emigration; Diaspora; Brain drain; Harm; Innovator; Productivity; Business; Economics; Labour economics; Economic growth; Political science; Entrepreneurship; Finance","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.005868366,0.0002740067,0.0004677985,0.001443523,0.0001975149,0.0001519675,0.001798187,0.0003323689,0.0001296352],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002207009,0.0002007001,0.0001846612,0.0006873264,0.0002495788,0.0003206462,0.0007924355,0.0008328187,0.00007962532],"about_ca_system_candidate":true,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001660086,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.006270667,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001206466,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000147504,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9965203,0.0003705077,0.001183951,0.0006993323,0.0008166601,0.0004091966],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9943189,0.003100226,0.0006971937,0.0007189715,0.001086872,0.00007786351],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002162733,0.0001696986,0.001215609,0.00006329537,0.000230443,0.000002825342,0.001011713,0.02332724,0.0004020616,0.7921752,0.1779072,0.003278485],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002022564,0.0007122569,0.03811665,0.0002273755,0.000004549363,0.00003449878,0.0000866884,0.1145281,0.003183804,0.8387986,0.001651578,0.000633276],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.833216,0.0001455684,0.003706509,0.02922446,0.0009856587,0.002835165,0.000247458,0.00008512932,0.129554],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9955012,0.00008106269,0.001617106,0.0004338867,0.000272095,0.0001322686,0.0003690275,0.00002076042,0.001572616],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1762556,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9993629,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1738701552008645,"score_gpt":0.4612541749254106,"score_spread":0.2873840197245461,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}