{"id":"W2892303884","doi":"10.1007/978-3-319-95022-8_154","title":"Application of Donnan Dialysis to the Separation and Recovery of Cations During Hydrometallurgical Recycling of Lithium Ion Batteries","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"book-chapter","venue":"˜The œminerals, metals & materials series","topic":"Extraction and Separation Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Queen's University","funders":"","keywords":"Chemistry; Membrane; Dialysis; Inorganic chemistry; Leachate; Extraction (chemistry); Ion; Chromatography; Organic chemistry; Environmental chemistry","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005728185,0.0003166331,0.0007535642,0.0002229781,0.0001322135,0.00007893818,0.000218748,0.0002053809,0.0004387773],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00004822407,0.0002269051,0.0001216772,0.0001364483,0.0002231957,0.0003688913,0.00007077855,0.0000975508,0.00002359022],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002427986,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002434904,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00004936123,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002107749,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9980654,0.00007980277,0.001158488,0.0002676001,0.0002839516,0.0001447354],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9983779,0.0001274192,0.0006636126,0.0005085505,0.0002793771,0.00004309884],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001115615,0.00001363413,0.000002568813,0.0006283378,0.0002378255,2.205243e-7,0.0009431407,0.002617581,0.9921353,0.002749054,0.0003697251,0.0001910372],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001789787,0.0001331951,0.0002583124,0.0002257236,0.0004806396,0.00002525189,0.0001798408,0.0001946649,0.8618054,0.002745606,0.133367,0.0004053423],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9466555,0.002087685,0.00616084,0.0007380595,0.00156563,0.001729196,0.0007122285,0.0002042951,0.04014661],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9225862,0.001622686,0.0004776258,0.00002912217,0.0003887154,0.0001573587,0.0002215568,0.00007134621,0.07444537],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1329973,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9252923,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01431150827208462,"score_gpt":0.2422283148976623,"score_spread":0.2279168066255777,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}