{"id":"W2896763615","doi":"10.1017/s0954394518000078","title":"Taking it up a level: Copy-raising and cascaded tiers of morphosyntactic change","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Language Variation and Change","topic":"Syntax, Semantics, Linguistic Variation","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":17,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Complementizer; Subordination (linguistics); Linguistics; Raising (metalworking); Set (abstract data type); Overtaking; Variation (astronomy); Language change; Verb; History; Sociology; Computer science; Mathematics; Philosophy","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002443379,0.00013794,0.0001929982,0.0001638798,0.0002155594,0.0001180221,0.00005938507,0.00007027837,0.001109327],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002488214,0.0001322166,0.00002647517,0.00005715345,0.0001171383,0.000242596,0.00004466213,0.00007288551,0.0000157904],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002728689,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001089547,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.02166972,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.007569227,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991598,0.00004949103,0.0002248502,0.0002116127,0.000171599,0.0001826911],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992856,0.00008277489,0.0002861009,0.0001401699,0.000149704,0.00005560237],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002211765,0.00002128484,0.0003546544,0.00009285822,0.00004037525,0.000004547041,0.9666205,1.705111e-8,0.00102904,0.02441913,0.00004520062,0.007350256],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.008809939,0.001515006,0.5660697,0.002111984,0.001544513,0.0001145159,0.3409011,0.02158236,0.01241289,0.02865645,0.01314922,0.003132266],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9850742,0.0004631755,0.001198555,0.007041267,0.002516829,0.0005714222,0.0001400869,0.0001117294,0.002882714],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9955038,0.00003550332,0.0003197819,0.0008877611,0.00268749,0.00002275279,0.00002952296,0.00002356586,0.0004898601],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6257194,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998038,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1424486750757875,"score_gpt":0.3029029575085178,"score_spread":0.1604542824327304,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}