{"id":"W2897835607","doi":"10.1007/s10652-018-9637-1","title":"A comparison of standard k–ε and realizable k–ε turbulence models in curved and confluent channels","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Environmental Fluid Mechanics","topic":"Hydrology and Sediment Transport Processes","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":331,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Ottawa; Wilfrid Laurier University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Ministry of Water Resources","keywords":"Turbulence; Mechanics; Channel (broadcasting); Hydrogeology; Current (fluid); Open-channel flow; Physics; Finite volume method; Spiral (railway); Geometry; K-epsilon turbulence model; Geology; Simulation; Mathematics; Mathematical analysis; Computer science; Telecommunications; Geotechnical engineering; Thermodynamics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003037626,0.0001692101,0.0002855633,0.00003720784,0.00009361793,0.000008539597,0.0001274673,0.0001132815,0.0009112727],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000005849096,0.0001661885,0.00001977721,0.00008132176,0.0003635391,0.0002503577,0.0001508404,0.0001109575,0.00001687149],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006055894,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000005190592,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00008029997,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00006406051,"domain_scores_codex":[0.998732,0.00003968311,0.0003161152,0.0003881436,0.0002537772,0.0002703269],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999627,0.00002591863,0.00007252424,0.0001674643,0.000001860733,0.0001052503],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00184883,0.001835698,0.363688,0.0002278382,0.0001282525,0.00005744652,0.02844753,0.08200958,0.4981305,0.007851543,0.0009107188,0.01486409],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001882264,0.001520605,0.005752219,0.0000760604,0.00005165044,0.00001793588,0.0006768307,0.8007561,0.1723786,0.01277547,0.003600387,0.0005119182],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.993202,0.0006179101,0.005235656,0.00006076975,0.00007000926,0.0002427921,0.00002902975,0.00001532388,0.0005264981],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9985766,0.000645116,0.0005328043,0.0001304149,0.00001140356,0.00001341464,0.00001107733,0.000012949,0.00006621829],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7187465,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9977797,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01662546139520463,"score_gpt":0.2494137442142333,"score_spread":0.2327882828190287,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}