{"id":"W2898793048","doi":"10.3390/su10113974","title":"International R&amp;D Spillovers and Innovation Efficiency","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Sustainability","topic":"Economic Growth and Productivity","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":29,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Brock University; National Natural Science Foundation of China","keywords":"Productivity; Economics; Stock (firearms); Panel data; Frontier; Stochastic frontier analysis; Sustainable development; Industrial organization; International trade; Production (economics); Econometrics; Microeconomics; Macroeconomics","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009443896,0.0000801862,0.0001379342,0.0002452076,0.00009899597,0.00004814783,0.0001203995,0.00005246588,0.0004415491],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001671975,0.00009623868,0.000024914,0.0003568312,0.0002355536,0.0002752389,0.0000778691,0.00007772921,0.0001337393],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003152964,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004283783,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001379868,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000129935,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990761,0.00001006524,0.000322386,0.0003890336,0.00001823024,0.0001842119],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992785,0.00002504386,0.0001423666,0.0002620276,0.0002570148,0.00003507918],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002101229,0.00004402369,0.468105,0.00002061231,0.000008696291,2.026865e-7,0.0003737347,0.000001588116,0.0000104476,0.5273379,0.000478004,0.003598714],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000276196,0.00005655552,0.236038,0.00000116489,0.000001142664,0.000002051351,0.00009177303,0.0002690042,0.00007768103,0.4508131,0.3122202,0.0001531456],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9364064,0.00006362654,0.003999139,0.003362993,0.0006265593,0.0001580597,0.00002482626,0.00002955246,0.05532885],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9978724,0.000008193161,0.0003560684,0.0001614042,0.0002474932,0.00000719256,0.00000886625,0.000006205354,0.001332148],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3117422,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4834653,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02451592264501324,"score_gpt":0.2552591852349617,"score_spread":0.2307432625899484,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}