{"id":"W2902385327","doi":"10.3390/su10124486","title":"A Comprehensive Review of Backfill Materials and Their Effects on Ground Heat Exchanger Performance","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Sustainability","topic":"Geothermal Energy Systems and Applications","field":"Energy","cited_by":75,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Ontario Tech University","funders":"","keywords":"Heat exchanger; Geotechnical engineering; Geothermal energy; Bentonite; Environmental science; Materials science; Engineering; Geothermal gradient; Geology; Mechanical engineering","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005268691,0.0005198488,0.002196829,0.00008260366,0.0001085552,0.00002275448,0.0002686986,0.0002567536,0.0001693335],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001535561,0.0003392182,0.0002839047,0.0002755754,0.0002245094,0.00006013775,0.0001588387,0.0001493851,0.00003549586],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003110257,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001846542,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001217033,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000009021559,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9974919,0.0006367322,0.0007860228,0.00059026,0.000149873,0.000345217],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9974579,0.0003890812,0.0003412199,0.001092294,0.0006249181,0.00009459112],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"systematic_review","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000006238978,0.00004021588,7.407324e-7,0.5995787,0.00005982764,9.239553e-7,0.00005486363,9.939847e-7,0.00000234268,0.001305228,0.000174292,0.3987756],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00009775694,0.0001541093,0.00007931199,0.06072619,0.0001331629,0.00001218938,0.0000221086,0.00000153002,0.0000606367,0.0002409268,0.9381934,0.0002786384],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.004784776,0.9919834,0.000001803966,0.0000680973,0.0001591016,0.00220214,0.00006388428,0.00004424644,0.0006925397],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.001620454,0.9963971,0.00001106556,0.0001458583,0.000274446,0.000989377,0.0001038943,0.00005788123,0.0003999344],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9380192,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.999906,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02481217679311986,"score_gpt":0.2953110404926061,"score_spread":0.2704988636994863,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}