{"id":"W2904925901","doi":"10.1016/j.ces.2018.11.061","title":"Modelling bubble induced turbulence for gas-liquid bubbly flow in a vertical pipe","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Chemical Engineering Science","topic":"Fluid Dynamics and Mixing","field":"Engineering","cited_by":16,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Saskatchewan","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Turbulence; K-omega turbulence model; K-epsilon turbulence model; Turbulence kinetic energy; Mechanics; Turbulence modeling; Dissipation; Reynolds number; Reynolds stress equation model; Physics; Bubble; Thermodynamics; Reynolds decomposition","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003115602,0.0001864016,0.0001853791,0.0001677213,0.00005598714,0.00006115613,0.0004417409,0.00009860827,0.000005197184],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002164561,0.0001990778,0.0000456413,0.000699951,0.0001342585,0.0002546421,0.00007476116,0.0002190063,0.00001250663],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002097214,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005448092,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00000709657,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":5.823507e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9984536,0.000001615399,0.0002498767,0.0003633616,0.0002373395,0.0006941708],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993987,0.00006906452,0.000007596675,0.0002500511,0.0000839826,0.0001906076],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00000675148,0.000006904256,0.000001561331,0.00003056544,0.000001530161,0.000001080514,0.0001004026,0.3932722,0.6059393,0.0003940256,0.000007491665,0.0002381164],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001346579,0.00002791878,0.000001926092,0.00005871156,0.000002008012,0.000003337013,0.000003052121,0.6082189,0.3912718,0.00007085742,0.00005082111,0.0001560028],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.6736701,0.00004457402,0.3254505,0.00002035599,0.0003445345,0.0001050493,0.000002134635,0.0001850735,0.000177696],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9597565,0.000006089231,0.03998199,0.00002308742,0.0001565705,0.00003619235,0.000001844992,0.00003422361,0.000003493232],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2860864,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8118156,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01119960613726296,"score_gpt":0.2105266634767631,"score_spread":0.1993270573395002,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}