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Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare; U.S. Department of Energy; Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago; Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro; Ministry of Education, India; Office of Science; Conseil Régional, Île-de-France; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico; Hungarian Scientific Research Fund; Generalitat Valenciana; Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad; Agencia Estatal de Investigación; Govern de les Illes Balears; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; Industry Canada; National Research Foundation of Korea; Ohio State University; Scottish Universities Physics Alliance; National Natural Science Foundation of China; Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India; Russian Foundation for Basic Research; Division of Human Resource Development; Ministero dello Sviluppo Economico; Institut des Origines de Lyon; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Russian Science Foundation; Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council; European Commission; Leverhulme Trust; Scottish Funding Council; University of Sussex; Institut de Física d'Altes Energies; National Centre for Supercomputing Applications; Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich; Nemzeti Kutatási Fejlesztési és Innovációs Hivatal; National Research Foundation; University of California, Santa Cruz; University College London; University of Portsmouth; Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos; University of Pennsylvania; Center for Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Ohio State University; Science and Technology Facilities Council; Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung; Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Hubble's law; Dark energy; Redshift; Galaxy; Luminosity; Cosmic microwave background; Observatory; Redshift survey","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001152677,0.0003131726,0.0004971922,0.00002622797,0.0007461556,0.0002603199,0.0008195569,0.0000302657,0.0000969654],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001890586,0.0001245305,0.0003637371,0.0001877112,0.00102458,0.0001453219,0.0002707581,0.0005920365,0.000008218956],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006603736,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001238889,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002373947,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00005189218,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9970546,0.0008470991,0.0004672883,0.0002556675,0.0009413055,0.0004340051],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9982148,0.0004931241,0.0003679392,0.0006514053,0.0001850755,0.00008768192],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.002048559,0.0002867772,0.3196574,0.00001743614,0.00245869,0.00000712262,0.003954725,0.0206718,0.6311364,0.005519091,0.01160332,0.002638656],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.006397681,0.0003337559,0.9658813,0.0004536379,0.0007446398,0.00001085436,0.003031224,0.004215883,0.007723815,0.002214123,0.008195416,0.0007975973],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9870888,0.0001514074,0.003404465,0.008545463,0.0003424285,0.0002450527,0.00009967812,0.000006229469,0.0001164809],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.998939,0.00001593654,0.0001876811,0.0003624345,0.0004074229,0.000005960324,0.000004089243,0.00003291848,0.00004454762],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.646224,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5738901,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01367035099365715,"score_gpt":0.2069216250125892,"score_spread":0.1932512740189321,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). 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