{"id":"W2910887493","doi":"10.1111/jels.12208","title":"Damage Caps and Defensive Medicine: Reexamination with Patient‐Level Data","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Empirical Legal Studies","topic":"Medical Malpractice and Liability Issues","field":"Health Professions","cited_by":18,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Kellogg's (Canada)","funders":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","keywords":"Defensive medicine; Medicine; Malpractice; Medical malpractice; Psychological intervention; Medicare Part B; Tort reform; Health care; Liability; Emergency medicine; Finance; Economics; Tort; Nursing","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.06379889,0.0009679833,0.002239736,0.003812329,0.001230482,0.00494835,0.003425906,0.002651519,0.01014684],"category_scores_gemma":[0.2416016,0.0006217654,0.003784941,0.00861284,0.003047592,0.005230955,0.003547741,0.006358965,0.001056669],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.002630707,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.003291137,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.03674425,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.02973963,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9508279,0.03273752,0.00378465,0.004061308,0.006982426,0.001606142],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.3886631,0.5079431,0.06245311,0.02807204,0.01073115,0.00213746],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0008406278,0.0003990342,0.8850265,0.001061308,0.005652796,0.001111543,0.002472522,0.01245975,0.0003578037,0.02562526,0.02390896,0.04108399],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003001008,0.001063699,0.8630682,0.0012645,0.003789181,0.0005620838,0.004196869,0.0381411,0.001370111,0.02532867,0.06071449,0.0002009828],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8232443,0.01419045,0.04210538,0.06488374,0.001009789,0.0008142636,0.02797481,0.0004457114,0.02533159],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9800939,0.001102753,0.006508553,0.004305605,0.0005881707,0.0001903619,0.004618753,0.00009294929,0.002499015],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.06379889,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3374048,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.3288642863183848,"score_gpt":0.5338800208500991,"score_spread":0.2050157345317143,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}