{"id":"W2914961791","doi":"10.1145/3292577","title":"Code Authorship Attribution","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"ACM Computing Surveys","topic":"Authorship Attribution and Profiling","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":86,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of New Brunswick","funders":"New Brunswick Innovation Foundation","keywords":"Computer science; Malware; Attribution; Authorship attribution; Code (set theory); Field (mathematics); Cryptovirology; Categorization; Data science; Artificial intelligence; Computer security; Programming language; Set (abstract data type); Psychology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.01039562,0.0009543793,0.001112093,0.01238217,0.002499507,0.005991335,0.001828333,0.002811765,0.02738067],"category_scores_gemma":[0.09908952,0.0003659549,0.0006513151,0.01234018,0.002692925,0.007091108,0.003899678,0.001720704,0.01628689],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.002024719,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.005342808,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0008827788,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0009773043,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9827711,0.005709412,0.001900804,0.001969503,0.006777773,0.000871282],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9019348,0.04851487,0.01297933,0.01278805,0.02153509,0.002247824],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006181095,0.00003486279,0.003571104,0.004735036,0.00005956007,0.0001491094,0.0007100572,0.0003330017,0.0003871475,0.05749892,0.1070481,0.8254113],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001298113,0.00003189122,0.003154316,0.006423503,0.00006236751,0.001059132,0.0007263776,0.0005689332,0.001085902,0.03930755,0.947522,0.0000449404],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.01391977,0.5176393,0.08781175,0.0258873,0.02314328,0.001117861,0.005872788,0.002408712,0.3221993],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.261682,0.5146638,0.04336286,0.009669034,0.01374459,0.001513608,0.01076194,0.001117317,0.143485],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.02738067,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.0915975,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.2631097808434538,"score_gpt":0.4126861586154646,"score_spread":0.1495763777720108,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}