{"id":"W2914961791","doi":"10.1145/3292577","title":"Code Authorship Attribution","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"ACM Computing Surveys","topic":"Authorship Attribution and Profiling","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":86,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of New Brunswick","funders":"New Brunswick Innovation Foundation","keywords":"Computer science; Malware; Attribution; Authorship attribution; Code (set theory); Field (mathematics); Cryptovirology; Categorization; Data science; Artificial intelligence; Computer security; Programming language; Set (abstract data type); Psychology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.01443954,0.0007719353,0.002152507,0.0003905072,0.0004080609,0.0005132472,0.005102199,0.0008885746,0.00003054734],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001610826,0.000704967,0.000784378,0.001785992,0.00006250454,0.0003140622,0.002604799,0.001526444,0.002859301],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003329267,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0006925351,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00002581374,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000004489772,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9888555,0.006786379,0.001256316,0.001429466,0.0006436016,0.001028697],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9924223,0.002997805,0.001008965,0.003039711,0.0002540975,0.0002771552],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[3.364588e-7,0.00002297432,0.00006948755,0.003072562,0.00006612136,0.00001245296,0.00007192702,0.00001210268,8.196163e-8,0.01567518,0.0006988361,0.9802979],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001430598,0.00004583589,0.0001817917,0.0048154,0.0001270849,0.0000762621,0.000001625119,0.00348795,0.000002456137,0.001090271,0.9891325,0.0008957197],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.000001763441,0.5221747,0.4743885,0.00007985062,0.002185051,0.0004288448,0.00003976428,0.0005278745,0.0001736194],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.0003167765,0.9761572,0.02084606,0.0001113877,0.0005666109,0.00001634357,0.0006909194,0.00009227046,0.001202426],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9884337,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9995402,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.2631097808434538,"score_gpt":0.4126861586154646,"score_spread":0.1495763777720108,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}